TAURINE: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

Overview

Taurine is a type of chemical called an amino sulfonic acid. It occurs naturally in the body. The best food sources are meat, fish, and eggs.

Taurine has important functions in the heart and brain. It helps support nerve growth. It might also benefit people with heart failure by lowering blood pressure and calming the nervous system. This might help prevent heart failure from becoming worse.

People take taurine for congestive heart failure (CHF) and swelling of the liver (hepatitis). It is also used for obesity, athletic performance, fatigue, diabetes, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

Don't confuse taurine with homotaurine. These are not the same.

Uses & Effectiveness

Possibly Effective for

Heart failure and fluid build up in the body (congestive heart failure or CHF). Taking taurine by mouth seems to improve heart function, reduce symptoms, and increase the ability to exercise in people with CHF.
Swelling (inflammation) of the liver (hepatitis). Taking taurine by mouth might improve liver function in people with hepatitis.

Possibly Ineffective for

Obesity. Taking taurine by mouth doesn't seem to reduce body weight in people who are overweight or obese.

There is interest in using taurine for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Side Effects

When taken by mouth: Taurine is commonly consumed in foods. It is possibly safe when used as a medicine for up to 3 months.

Special Precautions and Warnings

When taken by mouth: Taurine is commonly consumed in foods. It is possibly safe when used as a medicine for up to 3 months.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Taurine is commonly consumed in foods. There isn't enough reliable information to know if taurine is safe to use as a medicine when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and stick to food amounts.

Children: Taurine is commonly consumed in foods. It is possibly safe when taken by mouth as medicine for up to 12 weeks.

Interactions

Moderate Interaction

Be cautious with this combination

Lithium interacts with TAURINE
Taurine might slow down how quickly lithium is flushed out of the body. This could increase levels of lithium that stay in the body. Your healthcare provider might need to lower your dose of lithium.
Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) interacts with TAURINE
Taurine might lower blood pressure. Taking taurine along with medications that lower blood pressure might cause blood pressure to go too low. Monitor your blood pressure closely.

Dosing

Taurine is found in foods such as meat, seafood, and eggs. The typical Western diet includes 40-400 mg of taurine daily. It's also a common ingredient in energy drinks.

As medicine, taurine has most often been used by adults in doses of 6 grams by mouth daily for up to one year. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what dose might be best for a specific condition.

View References

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Mas, M. R., Isik, A. T., Yamanel, L., Inal, V., Tasci, I., Deveci, S., Mas, N., Comert, B., and Akay, C. Antioxidant treatment with taurine ameliorates chronic pancreatitis in an experimental rat model. Pancreas 2006;33(1):77-81. View abstract.

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Milei, J., Ferreira, R., Llesuy, S., Forcada, P., Covarrubias, J., and Boveris, A. Reduction of reperfusion injury with preoperative rapid intravenous infusion of taurine during myocardial revascularization. Am.Heart J. 1992;123(2):339-345. View abstract.

Mizushima, S., Nara, Y., Sawamura, M., and Yamori, Y. Effects of oral taurine supplementation on lipids and sympathetic nerve tone. Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. 1996;403:615-622. View abstract.

Moloney, M. A., Casey, R. G., O'Donnell, D. H., Fitzgerald, P., Thompson, C., and Bouchier-Hayes, D. J. Two weeks taurine supplementation reverses endothelial dysfunction in young male type 1 diabetics. Diab.Vasc.Dis Res 2010;7(4):300-310. View abstract.

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Murakami, S., Kondo-Ohta, Y., and Tomisawa, K. Improvement in cholesterol metabolism in mice given chronic treatment of taurine and fed a high-fat diet. Life Sci 1999;64(1):83-91. View abstract.

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Okamoto, E., Rassin, D. K., Zucker, C. L., Salen, G. S., and Heird, W. C. Role of taurine in feeding the low-birth-weight infant. J.Pediatr. 1984;104(6):936-940. View abstract.

Oriyanhan, W., Yamazaki, K., Miwa, S., Takaba, K., Ikeda, T., and Komeda, M. Taurine prevents myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in prolonged hypothermic rat heart preservation. Heart Vessels 2005;20(6):278-285. View abstract.

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Pandya, K. G., Patel, M. R., and Lau-Cam, C. A. Comparative study of the binding characteristics to and inhibitory potencies towards PARP and in vivo antidiabetogenic potencies of taurine, 3-aminobenzamide and nicotinamide. J Biomed.Sci 2010;17 Suppl 1:S16. View abstract.

Ratamess, N. A., Hoffman, J. R., Ross, R., Shanklin, M., Faigenbaum, A. D., and Kang, J. Effects of an amino acid/creatine energy supplement on the acute hormonal response to resistance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc.Metab 2007;17(6):608-623. View abstract.

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Rikimaru, M., Ohsawa, Y., Wolf, A. M., Nishimaki, K., Ichimiya, H., Kamimura, N., Nishimatsu, S., Ohta, S., and Sunada, Y. Taurine ameliorates impaired the mitochondrial function and prevents stroke-like episodes in patients with MELAS. Intern.Med 2012;51(24):3351-3357. View abstract.

Rumpl, E., Gerstenbrand, F., Hengl, W., and Binder, H. [Electrophysiogical and neuropharmacological studies in a patient with progressive myoclonus-epilepsy (author's transl)]. EEG.EMG.Z.Elektroenzephalogr.Elektromyogr.Verwandte.Geb. 1977;8(2):77-81. View abstract.

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Schaffer, S. W., Kramer, J., and Chovan, J. P. Regulation of calcium homeostasis in the heart by taurine. Fed.Proc. 1980;39(9):2691-2694. View abstract.

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Shao, X., Hu, Z., Hu, C., Bu, Q., Yan, G., Deng, P., Lv, L., Wu, D., Deng, Y., Zhao, J., Zhu, R., Li, Y., Li, H., Xu, Y., Yang, H., Zhao, Y., and Cen, X. Taurine protects methamphetamine-induced developmental angiogenesis defect through antioxidant mechanism. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol 5-1-2012;260(3):260-270. View abstract.

Soukoulis, V., Dihu, J. B., Sole, M., Anker, S. D., Cleland, J., Fonarow, G. C., Metra, M., Pasini, E., Strzelczyk, T., Taegtmeyer, H., and Gheorghiade, M. Micronutrient deficiencies an unmet need in heart failure. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 10-27-2009;54(18):1660-1673. View abstract.

Spencer, A. U., Yu, S., Tracy, T. F., Aouthmany, M. M., Llanos, A., Brown, M. B., Brown, M., Shulman, R. J., Hirschl, R. B., Derusso, P. A., Cox, J., Dahlgren, J., Strouse, P. J., Groner, J. I., and Teitelbaum, D. H. Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in neonates: multivariate analysis of the potential protective effect of taurine. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2005;29(5):337-343. View abstract.

Suzuki, T., Nagao, A., and Suzuki, T. Human mitochondrial diseases caused by lack of taurine modification in mitochondrial tRNAs. Wiley.Interdiscip.Rev.RNA. 2011;2(3):376-386. View abstract.

Tahrani, A. A., Askwith, T., and Stevens, M. J. Emerging drugs for diabetic neuropathy. Expert.Opin.Emerg.Drugs 2010;15(4):661-683. View abstract.

Tanaka, T., Oka, T., Shimada, Y., Umemoto, N., Kuroyanagi, J., Sakamoto, C., Zang, L., Wang, Z., and Nishimura, Y. Pharmacogenomics of cardiovascular pharmacology: pharmacogenomic network of cardiovascular disease models. J Pharmacol Sci 2008;107(1):8-14. View abstract.

Trenkner, E., El Idrissi, A., Dumas, R., and Rabe, A. Functional consequences of calcium uptake modulation by taurine in vivo and in vitro. Adv.Exp Med Biol 1998;442:277-284. View abstract.

van de Poll, M. C., Dejong, C. H., and Soeters, P. B. Adequate range for sulfur-containing amino acids and biomarkers for their excess: lessons from enteral and parenteral nutrition. J Nutr 2006;136(6 Suppl):1694S-1700S. View abstract.

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Vinton, N. E., Laidlaw, S. A., Ament, M. E., and Kopple, J. D. Taurine concentrations in plasma and blood cells of patients undergoing long-term parenteral nutrition. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1986;44(3):398-404. View abstract.

Wasserhess, P., Becker, M., and Staab, D. Effect of taurine on synthesis of neutral and acidic sterols and fat absorption in preterm and full-term infants. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1993;58(3):349-353. View abstract.

Wojcik, O. P., Koenig, K. L., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Costa, M., and Chen, Y. The potential protective effects of taurine on coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2010;208(1):19-25. View abstract.

Worthley, M. I., Prabhu, A., De, Sciscio P., Schultz, C., Sanders, P., and Willoughby, S. R. Detrimental effects of energy drink consumption on platelet and endothelial function. Am J Med 2010;123(2):184-187. View abstract.

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Yarandi, S. S., Zhao, V. M., Hebbar, G., and Ziegler, T. R. Amino acid composition in parenteral nutrition: what is the evidence? Curr Opin.Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011;14(1):75-82. View abstract.

Yokogoshi, H. and Oda, H. Dietary taurine enhances cholesterol degradation and reduces serum and liver cholesterol concentrations in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Amino.Acids 2002;23(4):433-439. View abstract.

Zamboni, G., Piemonte, G., Bolner, A., Antoniazzi, F., Dall'Agnola, A., Messner, H., Gambaro, G., and Tato, L. Influence of dietary taurine on vitamin D absorption. Acta Paediatr. 1993;82(10):811-815. View abstract.

Zhang, M., Bi, L. F., Ai, Y. D., Yang, L. P., Wang, H. B., Liu, Z. Y., Sekine, M., and Kagamimori, S. Effects of taurine supplementation on VDT work induced visual stress. Amino.Acids 2004;26(1):59-63. View abstract.

Zhang, M., Bi, L. F., Fang, J. H., Su, X. L., Da, G. L., Kuwamori, T., and Kagamimori, S. Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects. Amino.Acids 2004;26(3):267-271. View abstract.

Zinellu, A., Sotgia, S., Loriga, G., Deiana, L., Satta, A. E., and Carru, C. Oxidative stress improvement is associated with increased levels of taurine in CKD patients undergoing lipid-lowering therapy. Amino.Acids 2012;43(4):1499-1507. View abstract.

Zulli, A. Taurine in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin.Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011;14(1):57-60. View abstract.

Zvenigorodskaia, L. A., Ovsiannikova, O. N., Noskova, K. K., Nilova, T. V., and Elizarova, E. P. [Taurine in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]. Eksp.Klin.Gastroenterol. 2010;(7):43-50. View abstract.

Aggarwal, R., Mishra, A., Crochet, P., Sirimanna, P., and Darzi, A. Effect of caffeine and taurine on simulated laparoscopy performed following sleep deprivation. Br J Surg 2011;98(11):1666-1672. View abstract.

Ahmad S, Robertson HT, Golper TA, et al. Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. II. Clinical and biochemical effects. Kidney Int 1990;38:912-8. View abstract.

Alford C, Cox H, Wescott R. The effects of red bull energy drink on human performance and mood. Amino Acids 2001;21:139-50. View abstract.

Anon. Taurine involvement in retinal and heart muscle function. Nutr Rev 1975;33:343-7.

Azuma J, Hasegawa H, Awata N, et al. Taurine for the treatment of congestive heart failure in humans. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983;125:61-72. View abstract.

Azuma J, Hasegawa H, Sawamura A, et al. Taurine for treatment of congestive heart failure. Int J Cardiol 1982;2:303-4. View abstract.

Azuma J, Hasegawa H, Sawamura A, et al. Therapy of congestive heart failure with orally administered taurine. Clin Ther 1983;5:398-408. View abstract.

Azuma J, Sawamura A, Awata N, et al. Therapeutic effect of taurine in congestive heart failure: a double-blind crossover trial. Clin Cardiol 1985;8:276-82. View abstract.

Azuma J, Sawamura A, Awata N. Usefulness of taurine in chronic congestive heart failure and its prospective application. Jpn Circ J 1992;56:95-9. View abstract.

Azuma J, Takihara K, Awata N, et al. Taurine and failing heart: experimental and clinical aspects. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;179:195-213. View abstract.

Azuma J. Long-term effect of taurine in congestive heart failure: preliminary report. Heart Failure Research with Taurine Group. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;359:425-33. View abstract.

Bae MA, Lee ES, Cho SM, Kim SH, Chang KJ. The Effects of Dietary Taurine-Containing Jelly Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Memory Ability of the Elderly with Subjective Cognitive Decline. Adv Exp Med Biol 2022;1370:395-403. View abstract.

Balshaw, T. G., Bampouras, T. M., Barry, T. J., and Sparks, S. A. The effect of acute taurine ingestion on 3-km running performance in trained middle-distance runners. Amino Acids 2013;44(2):555-561. View abstract.

Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER. Antidiabetic effect of leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. J Ethnopharmacol 1990;30:295-300. View abstract.

Belli, D. C., Levy, E., Darling, P., Leroy, C., Lepage, G., Giguere, R., and Roy, C. C. Taurine improves the absorption of a fat meal in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 1987;80(4):517-523. View abstract.

Beyranvand, M. R., Khalafi, M. K., Roshan, V. D., Choobineh, S., Parsa, S. A., and Piranfar, M. A. Effect of taurine supplementation on exercise capacity of patients with heart failure. J Cardiol 2011;57(3):333-337. View abstract.

Bichler, A., Swenson, A., and Harris, M. A. A combination of caffeine and taurine has no effect on short term memory but induces changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Amino Acids 2006;31(4):471-476. View abstract.

Buzdagli Y, Eyipinar CD, Öget F, Siktar E, Forbes SC, Tekin A. Taurine supplementation enhances anaerobic power in elite speed skaters: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Biol Sport. 2023;40(3):741-751. View abstract.

Calabro, R. S., Italiano, D., Gervasi, G., and Bramanti, P. Single tonic-clonic seizure after energy drink abuse. Epilepsy Behav 2012;23(3):384-385. View abstract.

Cangemi, F. E. TOZAL Study: an open case control study of an oral antioxidant and omega-3 supplement for dry AMD. BMC Ophthalmol 2007;7:3. View abstract.

Chauncey, K. B., Tenner, T. E. Jr., Lombardini, J. B., Jones, B. G., Brooks, M. L., Warner, R. D., Davis, R. L., and Ragain, R. M. The effect of taurine supplementation on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003;526:91-96. View abstract.

Chesney RW. Taurine: its biological role and clinical implications. Adv Pediatr 1985;32:1-42. View abstract.

Chupel MU, Minuzzi LG, Furtado GE, et al. Taurine supplementation reduces myeloperoxidase and matrix-metalloproteinase-9 levels and improves the effects of exercise in cognition and physical fitness in older women. Amino Acids 2021;53(3):333-345. View abstract.

Colombo, C., Battezzati, P. M., Podda, M., Bettinardi, N., and Giunta, A. Ursodeoxycholic acid for liver disease associated with cystic fibrosis: a double-blind multicenter trial. The Italian Group for the Study of Ursodeoxycholic Acid in Cystic Fibrosis. Hepatology 1996;23(6):1484-1490. View abstract.

Costa R, Rocha C, Santos H. Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Response to RedBull® Energy Drink Intake in Young Adults. Anatol J Cardiol. 2023;27(1):19-25. View abstract.

Curran CP, Marczinski CA. Taurine, caffeine, and energy drinks: reviewing the risks to the adolescent brain. Birth Defects Res 2017;109(20):1640-8. View abstract.

Darling, P. B., Lepage, G., Leroy, C., Masson, P., and Roy, C. C. Effect of taurine supplements on fat absorption in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 1985;19(6):578-582. View abstract.

Ding L, Yang Z, Liu G, et al. Safety and efficacy of taurine as an add-on treatment for tics in youngsters. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(3):490-7. View abstract.

Durelli, L., Mutani, R., and Fassio, F. The treatment of myotonia: evaluation of chronic oral taurine therapy. Neurology 1983;33(5):599-603. View abstract.

Ellermann C, Hakenes T, Wolfes J, et al. Cardiovascular risk of energy drinks: Caffeine and taurine facilitate ventricular arrhythmias in a sensitive whole-heart model. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2022;33(6):1290-1297. View abstract.

Faghfouri AH, Seyyed Shoura SM, Fathollahi P, et al. Profiling inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers following taurine supplementation: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022;76(5):647-658. View abstract.

Fujita, T., Ando, K., Noda, H., Ito, Y., and Sato, Y. Effects of increased adrenomedullary activity and taurine in young patients with borderline hypertension. Circulation 1987;75(3):525-532. View abstract.

Galan BS, Carvalho FG, Santos PC, et al. Effects of taurine on markers of muscle damage, inflammatory response and physical performance in triathletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58(9):1318-1324. View abstract.

Guan L, Miao P. The effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol 2020;885:173533. View abstract.

Gwacham, N. and Wagner, D. R. Acute effects of a caffeine-taurine energy drink on repeated sprint performance of American college football players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2012;22(2):109-116. View abstract.

Haidari F, Asadi M, Mohammadi-Asl J, Ahmadi-Angali K. Effect of weight-loss diet combined with taurine supplementation on body composition and some biochemical markers in obese women: a randomized clinical trial. Amino Acids 2020;52(8):1115-24. View abstract.

Head KA. Peripheral neuropathy: Pathogenic mechanisms and alternative therapies. Altern Med Rev 2006;11:294-329. View abstract.

Herzog N, Laager R, Thommen E, et al. Association of taurine with in-hospital mortality in patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: results from the prospective, observational COMMUNICATE study. J Clin Med. 2020;9(5):E1405. View abstract.

Higgins JP, Liras GN, Liras IN, et al. Energy Drink Effects on Hemodynamics and Endothelial Function in Young Adults. Cardiology. 2021;146(2):258-262. View abstract.

Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Ross, R., Shanklin, M., Kang, J., and Faigenbaum, A. D. Effect of a pre-exercise energy supplement on the acute hormonal response to resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2008;22(3):874-882. View abstract.

Horne, J. A. and Reyner, L. A. Beneficial effects of an "energy drink" given to sleepy drivers. Amino Acids 2001;20(1):83-89. View abstract.

Hu, Y. H., Lin, C. L., Huang, Y. W., Liu, P. E., and Hwang, D. F. Dietary amino acid taurine ameliorates liver injury in chronic hepatitis patients. Amino Acids 2008;35(2):469-473. View abstract.

Huxtable R, Bressler R. Elevation of taurine in human congestive heart failure. Life Sci 1974;14:1353-9. View abstract.

Huxtable RJ, Chubb J, Azari J. Physiological and experimental regulation of taurine content in the heart. Fed Proc 1980;39:2685-90. View abstract.

Islambulchilar M, Asvadi I, Sanaat Z, Esfahani A, Sattari M. Effect of taurine on attenuating chemotherapy-induced adverse effects in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Cancer Res Ther 2015 Apr-Jun;11(2):426-32. View abstract.

Islambulchilar M, Asvadi I, Sanaat Z, Esfahani A, Sattari M. Taurine attenuates chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Amino Acids. 2015 Jan;47(1):101-9.

Van Stijn MF, Bruins AA, Vermeulen MA, Witlox J, et al. Effect of oral taurine on morbidity and mortality in elderly hip fracture patients: a randomized trial. Int J Mol Sci 2015 May 29;16(6):12288-306. View abstract.

Verner, A., Craig, S., and McGuire, W. Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(4):CD006072. View abstract.

Waldron M, Patterson SD, Jeffries O. Oral taurine improves critical power and severe-intensity exercise tolerance. Amino Acids. 2019;51(10-12):1433-41. View abstract.

Waldron M, Patterson SD, Tallent J, Jeffries O. The Effects of an Oral Taurine Dose and Supplementation Period on Endurance Exercise Performance in Humans: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2018;48(5):1247-1253. View abstract.

Warburton DM, Bersellini E, Sweeney E. An evaluation of a caffeinated taurine drink on mood, memory and information processing in healthy volunteers without caffeine abstinence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001;158:322-8.. View abstract.

Warnock R, Jeffries O, Patterson S, Waldron M. The Effects of Caffeine, Taurine, or Caffeine-Taurine Coingestion on Repeat-Sprint Cycling Performance and Physiological Responses. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017;12(10):1341-1347. View abstract.

Yeh, T. S., Chan, K. H., Hsu, M. C., and Liu, J. F. Supplementation with soybean peptides, taurine, Pueraria isoflavone, and ginseng saponin complex improves endurance exercise capacity in humans. J Med Food 2011;14(3):219-225. View abstract.

Zhou J, Lu Y, Li F, Wu W, Xie D, Feng Y. In vitro and in vivo antiallergic effects of taurine on allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2020;181(6):404-416. View abstract.

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