ASTAXANTHIN - Uses, Side Effects, and More

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Goldberg LD, Crysler C. A single center, pilot, double-blinded, randomized, comparative, prospective clinical study to evaluate improvements in the structure and function of facial skin with tazarotene 0.1% cream alone and in combination with GliSODin Skin Nutrients Advanced Anti-Aging Formula. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014;7:139-44. View abstract.

Gualdi G, Monari P, Cammalleri D, Pelizzari L, Calzavara-Pinton P. Hyaluronic Acid-based Products are Strictly Contraindicated in Scleroderma-related Skin Ulcers. Wounds. 2019;31(3):81-84. View abstract.

Hashem AS, Issrani R, Elsayed TEE, Prabhu N. Topical hyaluronic acid in the management of oral lichen planus: A comparative study. J Investig Clin Dent 2019;10(2):e12385. View abstract.

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Lee JE, Kim S, Lee HK, et al. A randomized multicenter evaluation of the efficacy of 0.15% hyaluronic acid versus 0.05% cyclosporine A in dry eye syndrome. Sci Rep 2022;12(1):18737. View abstract.

Liu YR, Liu B, Yang BP, Lan Y, Chi YG. Efficacy of hyaluronic acid on the prevention of intrauterine adhesion and the improvement of fertility: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2022;47:101575. View abstract.

Lopez HL, Ziegenfuss TN, Park J. Evaluation of the Effects of BioCell Collagen, a Novel Cartilage Extract, on Connective Tissue Support and Functional Recovery From Exercise. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2015;14(3):30-8. View abstract.

López-de la Rosa A, Pinto-Fraga J, Blázquez Arauzo F, Urbano Rodríguez R, González-García MJ. Safety and efficacy of an artificial tear containing 0.3% hyaluronic acid in the management of moderate-to-severe dry eye disease. Eye Contact Lens. 2017;43(6):383-388. View abstract.

Makino ET, Tan P, Qian K, Babcock M, Mehta RC. Clinical Assessment of Immediate and Long-Term Effects of a Two-Step Topical Hyaluronic Acid Lip Treatment. J Drugs Dermatol 2017;16(4):366-371. View abstract.

Mikosinski J, Di Landro A, Luczak-Szymerska K, et al. Efficacy and Safety of a Hyaluronic Acid-Containing Gauze Pad in the Treatment of Chronic Venous or Mixed-Origin Leg Ulcers: A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial. Wounds 2021;33(6):147-157. View abstract.

Mozzanica F, Preti A, Gera R, et al. Double-blind, randomised controlled trial on the efficacy of saline nasal irrigation with sodium hyaluronate after endoscopic sinus surgery. J Laryngol Otol. 2019;133(4):300-308. View abstract.

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Nolan A, Baillie C, Badminton J, Rudralingham M, Seymour RA. The efficacy of topical hyaluronic acid in the management of recurrent aphthous ulceration. J Oral Pathol Med 2006;35(8):461-5. View abstract.

Ocak E, Mulazimoglu S, Kocaoz D, Mirici E, Dagli E, Acar A. Effect of adjunctive sodium hyaluronate versus surfactant nasal irrigation on mucociliary clearance in allergic rhinitis: a single-blind, randomised, controlled study. J Laryngol Otol 2021;135(6):529-532. View abstract.

Origoni M, Cimmino C, Carminati G, et al. Postmenopausal vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) is positively improved by topical hyaluronic acid application. A prospective, observational study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016;20(20):4190-4195. View abstract.

Palmieri B, Merighi A, Corbascio D, Rottigni V, Fistetto G, Esposito A. Fixed combination of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-sulphate oral formulation in a randomized double blind, placebo controlled study for the treatment of symptoms in patients with non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013;17(24):3272-8. View abstract.

Park Y, Song JS, Choi CY, Yoon KC, Lee HK, Kim HS. A randomized multicenter study comparing 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.3% sodium hyaluronate with 0.05% cyclosporine in the treatment of dry eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017;33(2):66-72. View abstract.

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Petrella RJ, DiSilvestro MD, Hildebrand C. Effects of hyaluronate sodium on pain and physical functioning in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:292-8. View abstract.

Pinnix C, Perkins GH, Strom EA, et al. Topical hyaluronic acid vs. standard of care for the prevention of radiation dermatitis after adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer: single-blind randomized phase III clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;83(4):1089-94. View abstract.

Pinto-Fraga J, López-de la Rosa A, Blázquez Arauzo F, Urbano Rodríguez R, González-García MJ. Efficacy and safety of 0.2% hyaluronic acid in the management of dry eye disease. Eye Contact Lens. 2017;43(1):57-63. View abstract.

Rolando M, Valente C. Establishing the tolerability and performance of tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) in treating dry eye syndrome: results of a clinical study. BMC Ophthalmol 2007;7:5. View abstract.

Ruggiero T, Pol R, Camisassa D, et al. Use of sodium hyaluronate and synthetic amino acid precursors of collagen for the symptomatic treatment of mucositis in patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplants. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2016;30(3):889-894. View abstract.

Ruusuvaara P, Pajari S, Setala K. Effect of sodium hyaluronate on immediate postoperative intraocular pressure after extracapsular cataract extraction and IOL implantation. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1990;68:721-7. View abstract.

Savarino V, Pace F2, Scarpignato C; Esoxx Study Group. Randomised clinical trial: mucosal protection combined with acid suppression in the treatment of non-erosive reflux disease - efficacy of Esoxx, a hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulphate based bioadhesive formulation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(5):631-642. View abstract.

Savietto E, Marioni G, Maculan P, et al. Effectiveness of micronized nasal irrigations with hyaluronic acid/isotonic saline solution in non-polipoid chronic rhinosinusitis: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(4):102502. View abstract.

Schauss AG, Stenehjem J, Park J, Endres JR, Clewell A. Effect of the novel low molecular weight hydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract, BioCell Collagen, on improving osteoarthritis-related symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(16):4096-4101. View abstract.

Schwartz SR, Park J. Ingestion of BioCell Collagen, a novel hydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract; enhanced blood microcirculation and reduced facial aging signs. Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:267-273. View abstract.

Serati M, Bogani G, Di Dedda MC, et al. A comparison between vaginal estrogen and vaginal hyaluronic for the treatment of dyspareunia in women using hormonal contraceptive. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015;191:48-50. View abstract.

Soderberg O, Hellstrom S. Consequences of using hyaluronan-coated tympanostomy tubes. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1987;442:50-3. View abstract.

Akyon, Y. Effect of antioxidants on the immune response of Helicobacter pylori. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002;8(7):438-441. View abstract.

Anderson, M. L. A preliminary investigation of the enzymatic inhibition of 5alpha-reduction and growth of prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCap-FGC by natural astaxanthin and Saw Palmetto lipid extract in vitro. J Herb.Pharmacother. 2005;5(1):17-26. View abstract.

Bikadi, Z., Hazai, E., Zsila, F., and Lockwood, S. F. Molecular modeling of non-covalent binding of homochiral (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin to matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). Bioorg.Med Chem 8-15-2006;14(16):5451-5458. View abstract.

Bloomer, R. J. The role of nutritional supplements in the prevention and treatment of resistance exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury. Sports Med. 2007;37(6):519-532. View abstract.

Bolin, A. P., Macedo, R. C., Marin, D. P., Barros, M. P., and Otton, R. Astaxanthin prevents in vitro auto-oxidative injury in human lymphocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2010;26(5):457-467. View abstract.

Briviba, K., Bornemann, R., and Lemmer, U. Visualization of astaxanthin localization in HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells by combined confocal resonance Raman and fluorescence microspectroscopy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006;50(11):991-995. View abstract.

Camera, E., Mastrofrancesco, A., Fabbri, C., Daubrawa, F., Picardo, M., Sies, H., and Stahl, W. Astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and beta-carotene differently affect UVA-induced oxidative damage and expression of oxidative stress-responsive enzymes. Exp Dermatol 2009;18(3):222-231. View abstract.

Cardounel, A. J., Dumitrescu, C., Zweier, J. L., and Lockwood, S. F. Direct superoxide anion scavenging by a disodium disuccinate astaxanthin derivative: Relative efficacy of individual stereoisomers versus the statistical mixture of stereoisomers by electron paramagnetic resonance imaging. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 8-1-2003;307(3):704-712. View abstract.

Chitchumroonchokchai, C., Bomser, J. A., Glamm, J. E., and Failla, M. L. Xanthophylls and alpha-tocopherol decrease UVB-induced lipid peroxidation and stress signaling in human lens epithelial cells. J Nutr 2004;134(12):3225-3232. View abstract.

Coral-Hinostroza, G. N., Ytrestoyl, T., Ruyter, B., and Bjerkeng, B. Plasma appearance of unesterified astaxanthin geometrical E/Z and optical R/S isomers in men given single doses of a mixture of optical 3 and 3'R/S isomers of astaxanthin fatty acyl diesters. Comp Biochem Physiol C.Toxicol Pharmacol 2004;139(1-3):99-110. View abstract.

Czeczuga-Semeniuk, E. and Wolczynski, S. Dietary carotenoids in normal and pathological tissues of corpus uteri. Folia Histochem.Cytobiol. 2008;46(3):283-290. View abstract.

Daubrawa, F., Sies, H., and Stahl, W. Astaxanthin diminishes gap junctional intercellular communication in primary human fibroblasts. J Nutr 2005;135(11):2507-2511. View abstract.

Di Mascio, P., Devasagayam, T. P., Kaiser, S., and Sies, H. Carotenoids, tocopherols and thiols as biological singlet molecular oxygen quenchers. Biochem Soc Trans 1990;18(6):1054-1056. View abstract.

Fassett, R. G. and Coombes, J. S. Astaxanthin, oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Future.Cardiol 2009;5(4):333-342. View abstract.

Fassett, R. G. and Coombes, J. S. Astaxanthin: a potential therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease. Mar.Drugs 2011;9(3):447-465. View abstract.

Fassett, R. G., Healy, H., Driver, R., Robertson, I. K., Geraghty, D. P., Sharman, J. E., and Coombes, J. S. Astaxanthin vs placebo on arterial stiffness, oxidative stress and inflammation in renal transplant patients (Xanthin): a randomised controlled trial. BMC.Nephrol. 2008;9:17. View abstract.

Fletcher, A. E., Bentham, G. C., Agnew, M., Young, I. S., Augood, C., Chakravarthy, U., de Jong, P. T., Rahu, M., Seland, J., Soubrane, G., Tomazzoli, L., Topouzis, F., Vingerling, J. R., and Vioque, J. Sunlight exposure, antioxidants, and age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126(10):1396-1403. View abstract.

Guerin, M., Huntley, M. E., and Olaizola, M. Haematococcus astaxanthin: applications for human health and nutrition. Trends Biotechnol. 2003;21(5):210-216. View abstract.

Higuera-Ciapara, I., Felix-Valenzuela, L., and Goycoolea, F. M. Astaxanthin: a review of its chemistry and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006;46(2):185-196. View abstract.

Hussein, G., Sankawa, U., Goto, H., Matsumoto, K., and Watanabe, H. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid with potential in human health and nutrition. J Nat Prod 2006;69(3):443-449. View abstract.

Ikeda, Y., Tsuji, S., Satoh, A., Ishikura, M., Shirasawa, T., and Shimizu, T. Protective effects of astaxanthin on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. J Neurochem. 2008;107(6):1730-1740. View abstract.

Ikeuchi, M., Koyama, T., Takahashi, J., and Yazawa, K. Effects of astaxanthin in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem 2007;71(4):893-899. View abstract.

Ikeuchi, M., Koyama, T., Takahashi, J., and Yazawa, K. Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on exercise-induced fatigue in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2006;29(10):2106-2110. View abstract.

Ishida, S. [Lifestyle-related diseases and anti-aging ophthalmology: suppression of retinal and choroidal pathologies by inhibiting renin-angiotensin system and inflammation]. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 2009;113(3):403-422. View abstract.

Iwamoto, T., Hosoda, K., Hirano, R., Kurata, H., Matsumoto, A., Miki, W., Kamiyama, M., Itakura, H., Yamamoto, S., and Kondo, K. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by astaxanthin. J.Atheroscler.Thromb. 2000;7(4):216-222. View abstract.

Jackson, H. L., Cardounel, A. J., Zweier, J. L., and Lockwood, S. F. Synthesis, characterization, and direct aqueous superoxide anion scavenging of a highly water-dispersible astaxanthin-amino acid conjugate. Bioorg.Med Chem Lett 8-2-2004;14(15):3985-3991. View abstract.

Jyonouchi, H., Zhang, L., Gross, M., and Tomita, Y. Immunomodulating actions of carotenoids: enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens. Nutr Cancer 1994;21(1):47-58. View abstract.

Karppi, J., Rissanen, T. H., Nyyssonen, K., Kaikkonen, J., Olsson, A. G., Voutilainen, S., and Salonen, J. T. Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on lipid peroxidation. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2007;77(1):3-11. View abstract.

Kishimoto, Y., Tani, M., Uto-Kondo, H., Iizuka, M., Saita, E., Sone, H., Kurata, H., and Kondo, K. Astaxanthin suppresses scavenger receptor expression and matrix metalloproteinase activity in macrophages. Eur J Nutr 2010;49(2):119-126. View abstract.

Kistler, A., Liechti, H., Pichard, L., Wolz, E., Oesterhelt, G., Hayes, A., and Maurel, P. Metabolism and CYP-inducer properties of astaxanthin in man and primary human hepatocytes. Arch.Toxicol. 2002;75(11-12):665-675. View abstract.

Lee, D. H., Kim, C. S., and Lee, Y. J. Astaxanthin protects against MPTP/MPP+-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS production in vivo and in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49(1):271-280. View abstract.

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Liu, X. and Osawa, T. Astaxanthin protects neuronal cells against oxidative damage and is a potent candidate for brain food. Forum Nutr 2009;61:129-135. View abstract.

Liu, X., Shibata, T., Hisaka, S., and Osawa, T. Astaxanthin inhibits reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular toxicity in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells via mitochondria-targeted protective mechanism. Brain Res 2-13-2009;1254:18-27. View abstract.

Liu, X., Yamada, N., and Osawa, T. Assessing the neuroprotective effect of antioxidant food factors by application of lipid-derived dopamine modification adducts. Methods Mol.Biol. 2010;594:263-273. View abstract.

Lockwood, S. F., Jackson, H. L., and Gross, G. J. Retrometabolic syntheses of astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione) conjugates: a novel approach to oral and parenteral cardio-protection. Cardiovasc.Hematol.Agents Med Chem 2006;4(4):335-349. View abstract.

Lyons, N. M. and O'Brien, N. M. Modulatory effects of an algal extract containing astaxanthin on UVA-irradiated cells in culture. J.Dermatol.Sci. 2002;30(1):73-84. View abstract.

Mahmoud, F. F., Haines, D. D., Abul, H. T., Abal, A. T., Onadeko, B. O., and Wise, J. A. In vitro effects of astaxanthin combined with ginkgolide B on T lymphocyte activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from asthmatic subjects. J.Pharmacol.Sci. 2004;94(2):129-136. View abstract.

Manabe, E., Handa, O., Naito, Y., Mizushima, K., Akagiri, S., Adachi, S., Takagi, T., Kokura, S., Maoka, T., and Yoshikawa, T. Astaxanthin protects mesangial cells from hyperglycemia-induced oxidative signaling. J Cell Biochem 4-15-2008;103(6):1925-1937. View abstract.

McNulty, H., Jacob, R. F., and Mason, R. P. Biologic activity of carotenoids related to distinct membrane physicochemical interactions. Am J Cardiol 5-22-2008;101(10A):20D-29D. View abstract.

Mercke, Odeberg J., Lignell, A., Pettersson, A., and Hoglund, P. Oral bioavailability of the antioxidant astaxanthin in humans is enhanced by incorporation of lipid based formulations. Eur.J.Pharm.Sci. 2003;19(4):299-304. View abstract.

Miki, W., Hosoda, K., Kondo, K, and Itakura, H. Astaxanthin-containing drink. 6-16-1998;Patent application number 10155459

Miyashita, K. Function of marine carotenoids. Forum Nutr 2009;61:136-146. View abstract.

Nakagawa, K., Kiko, T., Miyazawa, T., Carpentero, Burdeos G., Kimura, F., Satoh, A., and Miyazawa, T. Antioxidant effect of astaxanthin on phospholipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes. Br J Nutr 2011;105(11):1563-1571. View abstract.

Nakagawa, K., Kiko, T., Miyazawa, T., Sookwong, P., Tsuduki, T., Satoh, A., and Miyazawa, T. Amyloid beta-induced erythrocytic damage and its attenuation by carotenoids. FEBS Lett. 4-20-2011;585(8):1249-1254. View abstract.

Nir, Y., Spiller, G., and Multz, C. Effect of an astaxanthin containing product on carpal tunnel syndrome. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21:489.

Nir, Y., Spiller, G., and Multz, C. Effect of an astaxanthin containing product on rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21:490.

Nishigaki, I., Rajendran, P., Venugopal, R., Ekambaram, G., Sakthisekaran, D., and Nishigaki, Y. Cytoprotective role of astaxanthin against glycated protein/iron chelate-induced toxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Phytother.Res 2010;24(1):54-59. View abstract.

O'Sullivan, L., Ryan, L., and O'Brien, N. Comparison of the uptake and secretion of carotene and xanthophyll carotenoids by Caco-2 intestinal cells. Br J Nutr 2007;98(1):38-44. View abstract.

Ohgami, K., Shiratori, K., Kotake, S., Nishida, T., Mizuki, N., Yazawa, K., and Ohno, S. Effects of astaxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci 2003;44(6):2694-2701. View abstract.

Okada, Y., Ishikura, M., and Maoka, T. Bioavailability of astaxanthin in Haematococcus algal extract: the effects of timing of diet and smoking habits. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem 2009;73(9):1928-1932. View abstract.

Palozza, P., Torelli, C., Boninsegna, A., Simone, R., Catalano, A., Mele, M. C., and Picci, N. Growth-inhibitory effects of the astaxanthin-rich alga Haematococcus pluvialis in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 9-28-2009;283(1):108-117. View abstract.

Park, J. S., Chyun, J. H., Kim, Y. K., Line, L. L., and Chew, B. P. Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010;7:18. View abstract.

Pashkow, F. J., Watumull, D. G., and Campbell, C. L. Astaxanthin: a novel potential treatment for oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 5-22-2008;101(10A):58D-68D. View abstract.

Peng, C. H., Chang, C. H., Peng, R. Y., and Chyau, C. C. Improved membrane transport of astaxanthine by liposomal encapsulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2010;75(2):154-161. View abstract.

Rao, A. R., Sarada, R., Baskaran, V., and Ravishankar, G. A. Antioxidant activity of Botryococcus braunii extract elucidated in vitro models. J Agric Food Chem 6-28-2006;54(13):4593-4599. View abstract.

Santocono, M., Zurria, M., Berrettini, M., Fedeli, D., and Falcioni, G. Influence of astaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein on DNA damage and repair in UVA-irradiated cells. J Photochem.Photobiol.B 12-1-2006;85(3):205-215. View abstract.

Serebruany, V., Malinin, A., Goodin, T., and Pashkow, F. The in vitro effects of Xancor, a synthetic astaxanthine derivative, on hemostatic biomarkers in aspirin-naive and aspirin-treated subjects with multiple risk factors for vascular disease. Am J Ther 2010;17(2):125-132. View abstract.

Shen, H., Kuo, C. C., Chou, J., Delvolve, A., Jackson, S. N., Post, J., Woods, A. S., Hoffer, B. J., Wang, Y., and Harvey, B. K. Astaxanthin reduces ischemic brain injury in adult rats. FASEB J 2009;23(6):1958-1968. View abstract.

Spiller, G. A. and Dewell, A. Safety of an astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis algal extract: a randomized clinical trial. J.Med.Food 2003;6(1):51-56. View abstract.

Suganuma, K., Nakajima, H., Ohtsuki, M., and Imokawa, G. Astaxanthin attenuates the UVA-induced up-regulation of matrix-metalloproteinase-1 and skin fibroblast elastase in human dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2010;58(2):136-142. View abstract.

Tinkler, J. H., Bohm, F., Schalch, W., and Truscott, T. G. Dietary carotenoids protect human cells from damage. J Photochem.Photobiol.B 1994;26(3):283-285. View abstract.

Wang, H. Q., Sun, X. B., Xu, Y. X., Zhao, H., Zhu, Q. Y., and Zhu, C. Q. Astaxanthin upregulates heme oxygenase-1 expression through ERK1/2 pathway and its protective effect against beta-amyloid-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Brain Res 11-11-2010;1360:159-167. View abstract.

Wang, X., Willen, R., and Wadstrom, T. Astaxanthin-rich algal meal and vitamin C inhibit Helicobacter pylori infection in BALB/cA mice. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 2000;44(9):2452-2457. View abstract.

Wolf, A. M., Asoh, S., Hiranuma, H., Ohsawa, I., Iio, K., Satou, A., Ishikura, M., and Ohta, S. Astaxanthin protects mitochondrial redox state and functional integrity against oxidative stress. J Nutr Biochem 2010;21(5):381-389. View abstract.

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